Las mil y una noches de la melatonina

Contexto: la melatonina fue aislada por primera vez, en 1958, por el dermatólogo Aaron Lerner a partir de una glándula
pineal bovina. Para 1970 se descubrió su rol en la regulación del ritmo circadiano y los estados de sueño-vigilia, papel en
el cual se han enfocado la mayoría de los estudios clínicos. Su síntesis ocurre a partir del triptófano, a través de procesos
de hidroxilación y acetilación, para posteriormente convertirse en melatonina. Desde su descubrimiento, se han planteado
múltiples beneficios biológicos, todos ellos basados en sus efectos como reguladora del estrés oxidativo. Es por ello que los
estudios clínicos demuestran que la suplementación de esta hormona, aparte de regular el ritmo circadiano, tiene potenciales efectos en el manejo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles
Objetivo: aportar nueva evidencia acerca de los mecanismos fisiológicos y bioquímicos de la melatonina y controvertir su posible uso terapéutico.
Metodología: revisión bibliográfica en la base de datos PubMed y Scopus utilizando los términos MeSH: “melatonin”,
“circadian clocks”, “circadian rhythm”, “cancer”, “oxidative stress”.
Resultados: existe gran evidencia bibliográfica acerca de la historia de la melatonina y sus posibles efectos metabólicos, los cuales van muy de la mano de su rol como reguladora del ritmo circadiano, por medio de los estados sueño-vigilia y luz-oscuridad.
Conclusiones: la melatonina puede servir como coadyuvante en el manejo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como cáncer, obesidad, hígado graso, mucositis y en manejo de pacientes críticamente enfermos.

 

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melatonina
estrés oxidativo
cáncer
ritmo circadiano